Iron absorption from iron-biofortified sweetpotato is higher than regular sweetpotato in Malawian women while iron absorption from regular and iron-biofortified potato is high in Peruvian women

Background: Sweetpotato and potato are fast-maturing staple crops and widely consumed in low- and middle-income countries. Conventional breeding to biofortify these crops with iron could improve iron intakes. To our knowledge, iron absorption from sweetpotato and potato has not been assessed. Objective: The aim was to assess iron absorption from regular and iron-biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Malawi and yellow-fleshed potato and iron-biofortified purple-fleshed potato in Peru. Methods: We conducted 2 randomized, multiple-meal studies in generally healthy, iron-depleted women of reproductive age. Malawian women (n = 24) received 400 g regular or biofortified sweetpotato test meals and Peruvian women (n = 35) received 500 g regular or biofortified potato test meals. Women consumed the meals at breakfast for 2 wk and were then crossed over to the other variety. We labeled the test meals with 57Fe or 58Fe and measured cumulative erythrocyte incorporation of the labels 14 d after completion of each test-meal sequence to calculate iron absorption. Iron absorption was compared by paired-sample t tests. Results: The regular and biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato test meals contained 0.55 and 0.97 mg Fe/100 g. Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (FIA) was 5.82% (3.79%, 8.95%) and 6.02% (4.51%, 8.05%), respectively (P = 0.81), resulting in 1.9-fold higher total iron absorption (TIA) from biofortified sweetpotato (P < 0.001). The regular and biofortified potato test meals contained 0.33 and 0.69 mg Fe/100 g. FIA was 28.4% (23.5%, 34.2%) from the regular yellow-fleshed and 13.3% (10.6%, 16.6%) from the biofortified purple-fleshed potato meals, respectively (P < 0.001), resulting in no significant difference in TIA (P = 0.88). Conclusions: FIA from regular yellow-fleshed potato was remarkably high, at 28%. Iron absorbed from both potato test meals covered 33% of the daily absorbed iron requirement for women of reproductive age, while the biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato test meal covered 18% of this requirement. High polyphenol concentrations were likely the major inhibitors of iron absorption. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03840031 (Malawi) and NCT04216030 (Peru)

Genetic variation and inheritance of sinapic acid components in rapeseed (<i>Brassica napus L.</i>)

Die Verbesserung der Schrot- und Proteinqualität des Rapskorns zur hochwertigen Nutzung nicht nur als Futtermittel, sondern auch als Lebensmittel ist ein zunehmend wichtiger werdendes Ziel in der Züchtung von 00 -Qualitätsraps (Brassica napus L.). Die Rapssaat zeichnet sich im Unterschied zu anderen Ölsaaten durch einen hohen Gehalt an Phenolsäureestern aus. Nach der Ölextraktion verbleiben diese im Schrot und führen zu einer dunklen Verfärbung und zu einem bitteren, adstringierenden Geschmack des Schrots und daraus hergestellter Proteinprodukte. Unter den im Raps vorkommenden Phenolsäureestern dominieren mit etwa 80% die sinapinsäurehaltigen Ester (SE).Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der genetischen Variation in einem großen Rapssortiment für Sinapoylcholin (Sinapin), Sinapoylglucose und Sinapinsäure sowie für einige andere sinapinsäurehaltiger Ester. Da die freie Sinapinsäure und die anderen Sinapinsäureester nur in geringer Konzentration nachgewiesen werden konnten, wurden sie in der Gruppe andere SE zusammengefasst. Weiteres Ziel der Arbeit war es, Nah-Infrarot Reflektions-Spektroskopische (NIRS) Kalibrierungen für diese Verbindungen zu entwickeln, um damit Genotypen mit einem geringen Gesamtgehalt an SE identifizieren zu können. Eine genotypisch diverse Samenkollektion an Winterrapsen (Sorten, Zuchtlinien, Genbank-Material, resynthetisierter Raps) aus verschiedenen Erntejahren und Umwelten wurde mit Hilfe der HPLC auf ihren Gehalt und ihre Zusammensetzung an SE untersucht. Die NIRS-Spektren dieser Proben wurden aufgezeichnet und mit Hilfe der HPLC-Referenzwerte wurden zunächst vorläufige NIRS-Kalibrierungen entwickelt. Diese wurden dann verwendet, um zusätzliche im Hinblick auf ihren SE-Gehalt interessante Proben zu identifizieren und in die Kalibrierung zu integrieren. Für die Züchtung auf einen reduzierten Gehalt an SE-Verbindungen ist die Kenntnis der Genotyp x Umwelt (GxU)-Interaktionen für dieses Merkmal sowie von möglicherweise vorhandenen Korrelationen zu anderen wertbestimmenden Sameninhaltstoffen von Bedeutung. Ein weiteres Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, die Genotyp-Umwelt-Interaktionen für den SE-Gehalt und die -Zusammensetzung in drei doppelthaploiden Rapspopulationen zu untersuchen und Merkmalskorrelationen zu agronomisch relevanten Qualitätsmerkmalen festzustellen.Der mittlere Sinapinanteil an den SE-Verbindungen variierte bei den drei Populationen zwischen 58% und 72%. Der relative mittlere Anteil an Sinapoylglucose variierte zwischen 17% und 20% und für die Gruppe der anderen SE konnte eine Variation zwischen 10% und 22% festgestellt werden. Die Varianzanalyse zeigte in allen drei Populationen hoch signifikante Effekte für den Genotyp, die Umwelt und die GxU-Interaktionen sowohl für den Gesamtgehalt an SE-Verbindungen als auch für die einzelnen Sinapinsäureverbindungen

Potential and application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to estimate iron and zinc concentration in potato tubers

Breeding efforts to develop high iron and zinc potatoes require a fast and inexpensive technique to evaluate mineral concentrations in large numbers of samples. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of applying X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to estimate iron and zinc in freeze-dried and milled potato tuber samples. The calibration, and the external and independent validations showed high coefficients of determination, 0.93–0.96 for iron and 0.92–0.97 for zinc, and low standard errors, 1.10–1.44 mg/kg DW for iron and 0.91–1.06 mg/kg DW for zinc concentrations, indicating that iron and zinc can be estimated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with high precision. The developed calibrations were applied to estimate iron and zinc concentrations of hundreds of biofortified potato clones from the International Potato Center’s breeding program, grown in 3 distinct locations of Peru. Twenty clones showing high iron concentration (above 32 mg/kg DW) and 13 clones with high concentration of zinc (above 25 mg/kg DW) were identified. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry provides a rapid, low cost and suitable tool for potato breeders, compared to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for screening iron and zinc concentrations, especially when a high number of potato clones must be evaluated in a short time frame.This study was mainly funded by CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (CRP-A4NH). We thank the HarvestPlus Program and CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (CRP-RTB) for their contribution to CIP’s potato biofortification breeding program and we also thank Walter Amoros for producing and providing most of the potato samples used in our study

Heritability for Yield and Glycoalkaloid Content in Potato Breeding under Warm Environments

High temperatures affect potato production in the tropics, putting tuber yield and quality at risk and leading to increased glycoalkaloid concentration the cause of the bitter taste in potatoes and a cause for concern for human health. The International Potato Center (CIP), has developed new heat tolerant clones which are heat tolerant and also resistant to late blight. These clones offer an opportunity to evaluate yield and glycoalkaloid levels after growth under high temperature environments. We evaluated four sets of 16 full-sib families and 20 clones for tuber yield and glycoalkaloid content in order to estimate narrow-sense and broad-sense heritability respectively. We used a randomized complete block design replicated in three locations in Peru; San Ramon, La Molina and Majes At harvest, the number and weight of marketable and nonmarketable tubers were recorded. We analyzed samples of tubers from each clone for glycoalkaloid content using spectrophotometry. Narrow-sense heritability for tuber yield, tuber number and average tuber weight were 0.41, 0.50 and 0.83, respectively, indicating that further gains in breeding for heat tolerance will be possible. Broadsense heritability for glycoalkaloid content was 0.63 and correlation with tuber yield was weak, r=0.33 and R²=0.11 (P<0.01). High heritability and weak correlation will allow us to select clones with high tuber yield and low glycoalkaloid content, to serve as candidate varieties and parents in breeding programs

Fast method for the simultaneous quantification of toxic polyphenols applied to the selection of genotypes of yam bean (Pachyrhizus sp.) seeds.

The purpose of the research was to develop and validate a rapid quantification method able to screen many samples of yam bean seeds to determine the content of two toxic polyphenols, namely pachyrrhizine and rotenone. The analytical procedure described is based on the use of an internal standard (dihydrorotenone) and is divided in three steps: microwave assisted extraction, purification by solid phase extraction and assay by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Each step was included in the validation protocol and the accuracy profiles methodology was used to fully validate the method. The method was fully validated between 0.25mg and 5mg pachyrrhizin per gram of seeds and between 0.58mg/g and 4mg/g for rotenone. More than one hundred samples from different accessions, locations of growth and harvest dates were screened. Pachyrrhizine concentrations ranged from 3.29mg/g to lower than 0.25mg/g while rotenone concentrations ranged from 3.53mg/g to lower than 0.58mg/g. This screening along with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) analyses allowed the selection of the more interesting genotypes in terms of low concentrations of these two toxic polyphenols

Prediction of carotenoids, cyanide and dry matter contents in fresh cassava root using NIRS and Hunter color techniques

Efforts are currently underway to improve carotenoids content in cassava roots through conventional breeding as a strategy to reduce vitamin A deficiency. However, only few samples can be quantified each day for total carotenoids (TCC) and b-carotene (TBC) contents, limiting the gains from breeding. A database with &gt;3000 samples was used to evaluate the potential of NIRS and chromameter devices to predict root quality traits. Maximum TTC and TBC were up to 25.5 and 16.6 lg/g (fresh weight basis), respectively. NIRS predictions were highly satisfactory for dry matter content (DMC, R2: 0.96), TCC (R2: 0.92) and TBC (R2: 0.93). NIRS could also distinguish roots with high or low cyanogenic potential (R2: 0.86). Hunter color parameters could also be used for predictions, but with lower accuracy than NIRS. NIRS or chromameter improve selection protocols, allowing faster gains from breeding. Results also demonstrate that TBC and DMC can be improved simultaneously (required for the adoption of biofortified cassava). (Résumé d'auteur

Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells

A dynamic human gastrointestinal (GI) model was used to digest cooked tubers from purple-fleshed Amachi and Leona potato cultivars to study anthocyanin biotransformation in the stomach, small intestine and colonic vessels. Colonic Caco-2 cancer cells and non-tumorigenic colonic CCD-112CoN cells were tested for cytotoxicity and cell viability after 24 h exposure to colonic fecal water (FW) digests (0%, 10%, 25%, 75% and 100% FW in culture media). After 24 h digestion, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 36 and 15 anthocyanin species throughout the GI vessels for Amachi and Leona, respectively. The total anthocyanin concentration was over thirty-fold higher in Amachi compared to Leona digests but seven-fold higher anthocyanin concentrations were noted for Leona versus Amachi in descending colon digests. Leona FW showed greater potency to induce cytotoxicity and decrease viability of Caco-2 cells than observed with FW from Amachi. Amachi FW at 100% caused cytotoxicity in non-tumorigenic cells while FW from Leona showed no effect. The present findings indicate major variations in the pattern of anthocyanin breakdown and release during digestion of purple-fleshed cultivars. The differing microbial anthocyanin metabolite profiles in colonic vessels between cultivars could play a significant role in the impact of FW toxicity on tumor and non-tumorigenic cells